Gilbert’s short story “The yellow wallpaper” Essay

Gilbert’s chronical of her own plunge into frenzy is set in a remote, separated more seasoned home, with wonderful environmental factors, and more specifically and old nursery in which Gilbert is detained for her own â€Å"sanity†. The unexpected point is that it is the solution for her † insanity† that makes the madness she eventually receives. The storyteller is a stifled lady with no place to go aside from franticness. As a corresponding to Kate Chopin†s † Story of an Hour† in which passing was the departure to opportunity, Gilbert underlines that the storytellers just getaway to opportunity was franticness. The story is separated into time allotments with every period detailling her drop into franticness. In the main segment it is astute to take note of that both John and her sibling are conspicuous doctors and accept that she should be unstimulated so as to beat post birth anxiety, as was drilled by such unmistakable scholar as Sels Weir Mitchell, who was in certainty Gilbert’s own doctor at the time the story was composed. ( as a side note: It is important to take note of that in the wake of perusing Gilbert’s record of her own sentiments in this short story, Wier Mitchell ended the utilization of â€Å"rest therapy†.) We find in later time spans that John is trying to claim ignorance of his wife’s breaking down ailment, essentially because of the cultural stigma’s of psychological instability and the fortune of his status. The room that is the essential setting is exceptionally regulated and unstimulating. There is this dilapitated, detoriorating, foul, yellow backdrop with a plan illustrative of Gilbert’s franticness, that in the long run turns into her rescuer. As she capitulates to dymentia, the storyteller has visualizations of a ladies behind the backdrop. The storyteller becomes persuaded this lady is â€Å"trapped† by the backdrop yet, figures out how to effectively â€Å"escape† regardless of whether just to sneak around the greenery. The storyteller relates to the dreams, in the long run producing with the daydream, making the partition of one from the other outlandish. She portrays in detail the frightfulness of people around her as they become to understand the degree of the dysfunctional behavior covered up in the storyteller. The speakerâ makes reference to sentiments of distrustfulness that John and Jenny are going to by one way or another barge in on the relationship she has with the backdrop, and concedes that she preferred the room inspite of the backdrop, no in view of the backdrop. The backdrop speak to the storyteller., a possibility for opportunity and the expense was craziness, similarly as the mind boggling plan that was a wrongdoing against all the principles of structure that had been suggested upon first thought.

Biography of Mata Hari, Infamous World War I Spy

Life story of Mata Hari, Infamous World War I Spy Mata Hari (August 7, 1876â€October 15, 1917) was a Dutch fascinating artist and concubine who was captured by the French and executed for secret activities during World War I. After her demise, her stage name Mata Hari got equal with spying and surveillance. Quick Facts: Mata Hari Referred to For: Working as a spy for Germany during World War IAlso Known As: Margaretha Geertruida Zelle; Lady MacLeodBorn: August 7, 1876 in Leeuwarden, The NetherlandsParents: Adam Zelle, Antje van der MeulenDied: October 15, 1917 in Paris, FranceSpouse: Rudolf John MacLeod (m.â 1895-1906)Children: Norman-John MacLeod, Louise Jeanne MacLeodNotable Quote: Death is nothing, nor life either, so far as that is concerned. To bite the dust, to rest, to go into nothingness, what does it make a difference? Everything is a hallucination. Early Life Mata Hari was conceived Margaretha Geertruida Zelle in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, on August 7, 1876, as the first of four kids. Zelles father was a cap producer by profession, yet having put well in oil, he had enough cash to ruin his lone little girl. At just 6 years of age, Zelle turned into all the rage when she went in a goat-drawn carriage that her dad had given her. In school, Zelle was known to be showy, regularly showing up in new, ostentatious dresses. Be that as it may, Zelles world changed definitely when her family failed in 1889 and her mom kicked the bucket two years after the fact. Family Breakup After her moms demise, the Zelle family was separated and Zelle, presently 15, was sent to Sneek to live with her adoptive parent, Mr. Visser. Visser chose to send Zelle to a school that prepared kindergarten educators so shed have a vocation. At the school, the dean Wybrandus Haanstra got captivated by Zelle and sought after her. At the point when an embarrassment broke out, Zelle was approached to leave the school, so she went to live with her uncle, Mr. Taconis, in The Hague. Marriageâ and Divorce In March 1895, while as yet remaining with her uncle, 18-year-old Zelle got drew in to Rudolph John MacLeod in the wake of noting an individual advertisement in the paper. (The advertisement had been set as a joke by MacLeods companion.) MacLeod was a 38-year-old official on home leave from the Dutch East Indies, where he had been positioned for a long time. On July 11, 1895, the two were hitched. They spent a lot of their wedded life living in the tropics of Indonesia where cash was tight, segregation was troublesome, and Johns discourteousness and Zelles youth caused genuine rubbing in their marriage. Zelle and John had two kids together, Norman-John MacLeod and Louise Jeanne MacLeod. The two kids turned out to be very sick in June 1899. Norman-John passed on at age 2, yet Louise Jeanne endure and lived until 1919. Zelle and John speculated the youngsters may have been harmed by a disappointed worker. In 1902, the couple moved back to The Netherlands and before long isolated. Their separation got last in 1906. Off to Paris Zelle chose to go to Paris for another beginning. Without a spouse, vocation, and cash, Zelle utilized her encounters in Indonesia to make another persona, one who wore gems, possessed a scent like aroma, talked at times in Malay, moved alluringly, and regularly wore not many garments. She made her moving presentation in a salon and momentarily turned into a triumph. At the point when journalists and others talked with her, Zelle constantly added to the persona that encompassed her by turning incredible, fictionalized tales about her experience, including being a Javanese princess and little girl of an aristocrat. To sound progressively intriguing, she made that big appearance name Mata Hari, Malayan for eye of the day (the sun). Well known Dancer and Courtesan Zelle got well known. Everything oriental were in design in Paris, and Zelles colorful looks added to her persona. Zelle moved at both private salons and later everywhere theaters. She moved at ballet productions and dramas. She was welcome to huge gatherings and voyaged broadly. She likewise took various darlings (frequently military men from different nations) who were eager to offer her money related help in return for her organization. Secret activities, Capture, and Execution Zelle was not, at this point a smooth artist when in 1916 she began to spy for France during World War I. She was really 40 years of age at that point, and her time as an artist was long behind her. She began to look all starry eyed at a Russian commander, Vladimir de Masloff, who was sent to the front and got harmed. Zelle needed to help him monetarily, so she acknowledged a proposal to spy for France in mid-1916. France thought her concubine contacts would be useful to its insight activity. She started to meet with German contacts. She furnished the French with minimal helpful data and may have started to work for Germany as a twofold operator. The French in the long run caught a German link that named a government agent code-named H-21, unmistakably a code name for Mata Hari. The French became persuaded that she was a government agent and captured her on Feb. 13, 1917. She was blamed for spying for Germany, causing the passings of at any rate 50,000 fighters, and was put being investigated in July 1917. After a short preliminary led in private before a military court, she was seen as blameworthy of spying for Germany and condemned to death by terminating crew. The French executed Zelle on Oct. 15, 1917. She was 41 years of age. Inheritance During World War I, Zelles visit traversing global fringes and her shifted mates made a few nations wonder on the off chance that she was a covert operative or even a twofold operator. Numerous individuals who met her state that she was friendly however just not keen enough to pull off such an accomplishment. The idea that Zelle was a fascinating artist who utilized her forces of enchantment to remove military mysteries was bogus. She was a very long time over the hill as an artist when she consented to fill in as a government agent for France-and perhaps for Germany. Zelle kept up her honesty up until the hour of her passing. Sources Shipman, Pat. â€Å"Why Mata Hari Wasnt a Cunning Spy After All.†Ã‚ The History Behind the Killing of Mata Hari, 14 Oct. 2017. NationalGeographic.com.â€Å"Mata Hari.†Ã‚ Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 19 Apr. 2019.The Execution of Mata Hari, 1917. Eyewitnesstohistory.com.

Comparing Arthur Laurents West Side Story and Shakespeares Romeo and

In spite of the fact that the errors among Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story are too regular to even think about categorizing in such constrained space, it is inconceivable for anybody acquainted with the two writings to not see the conspicuous similitudes between the two works (Theme).â From the initial scenes in both, up through the thunder in West Side Story/demise of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet, the plays reflect one another (Poelstra).â It isn't until the last piece of West Side Story, where Tony (our current Romeo) kicks the bucket and Maria (Tony's Juliet) doesn't (dissimilar to the two star-crossed admirers of Shakespeare's work, both of whom die), that the significant contrast between the two works gets clear.  â â â â â â â â â â â â â Granted, rather than pressure between fighting families (Montaguesand Capulets), West Side Story offers bias between races, as outlined between road packs (Jets and Sharks).â Some of the characters in West Side Story are duplicates of those in Romeo and Juliet: Maria (Juliet), Tony (Romeo), Bernardo (Tybalt), Lt. Schrank (Prince),â and Anita (Nurse).â Others seem, by all accounts, to be a composite of characters, specifically Riff, a mix of Benvolio and Mercutio, and Doc, who seems to satisfy the job of Friar Laurence (had to some degree a peacekeeping nature: You were unable to play b-ball?, he solicits, when educated regarding their up and coming war chamber [Laurents 57]) yet, simultaneously, it is inferred (in the film variant, not the play) that he is a drug specialist, and there was, all things considered, a pharmacist in Romeo and Juliet . The tomboyish Anybodys, a Jet wannabe, would best fit into the job of Balthasar (in spite of the fact that Doc's character fits into this job barely, also), since it was she who supported Tony in getting away after the thunder (which brought about the d... ... a story four centuries old to be retold in a genuinely advanced setting (all things considered, road groups are progressively unmistakable now that ever previously), a retelling that has collected its own wide crowd bid over the past fourâ decades (Theme), indicating that specific stories can stand the trial of time more than once, gave the substance/setting viably mirrors the world inside which it occurs.â Works Citedâ Laurents, Arthur. West Side Story. (A melodic, in light of a conceptionâ of Jerome Robbins; music by Leonard Bernstein; verses by Stephen Sondheim.) NY: Random House, 1966. Poelstra, James. Romeo and Juliet versus West Side Story. (17 July 97). Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, Volume I. Ed. W. G. Clark and W. Aldis Wright. NY:  Nelson Doubleday, Inc., 247-277.â â Modernizing Age-Old Theme. (17 July 97).

The Debt Situation Amongst Of Malaysian - Free Essay Example

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Debt is an increasing social problem in most of the countries today, included those developed countries, for instance, United States. According to the statistics from the Federal Reserve, it indicates that the total amount of consumer credit outstanding in the United States in December 2010 is approximately $2.4 trillion. In other words, every man, woman, and child that lives here in the United States has to bear nearly a $7,800 debt since 2010 Census recorded that the residential population of the United States was 308,745,538 on April 1, 2010. In addition, the Federal Reserveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statistics also indicates that the household debt service ratio (DSR) of the United States is at 11.9%, which means that each consumer has to spend approximately 12% of their disposable personal income to make payment on outstanding mortgage and consumer debt. In Malaysia, the latest household debt level is RM 577 billion and stands at 74.5 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP). Bank Negara Malaysia Governor, Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In our assessment at this point, the borrowing by households has been on a prudential level but we dont want to wait till we do have problems.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Business Times 2011, 20 January). A specially designed financial capability program POWER (Pengurusan Wang Ringgit Anda) has been launched which targeted the young individuals and new borrowers in order to aid them to manage their finance effectively. Cosma and Pattarin (2010) have expressed that consumer debt is those debts arisen when the creditor does not fulfill the assumed obligations, this without his or the creditor will. US Legal (2011) also defines consumer credit as debt incurred by an individual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose. In fact, there is a distinction between consumer debt and consumer credit. Consumer credit is defined in the different countries as credit obtained to finance any purchase other than property (Gurdia, 2002). Consumer credit is a broad term comprising all kinds of installment credit as well as non-installment credit except mortgage debt (mostly loans for real estate secured by real estate) (Kamleitner Kirchler, 2007). Therefore, home equity loans which are used for other purposes than real estate, but secured by a lien on a home also fall under the definition of consumer credit. Although there is a clarification between these two terms, the term of consumer debt will be use d synonymous to consumer credit in this article. Yet, consumer debt is also known as household debt. Debt has bring along with a number of social troubles, for example, relationship breakdown, divorcing, filing for bankruptcy, committing suicide due to unable to get out of the spiral debt situation. Besides, there are a lot of people suffering psychological consequences of debt, such as stress, depression, anxiety, mental health problem, high blood pressure and heart attack. Therefore, it is important to get to understand the reason why people get involved in consumer debt. 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Table 1.1: Household Indicators 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Household debt RM 395.5 billions RM 429.5 billions RM 472.1 billions RM 516.6 billions RM 581.3 billions Household debt to GDP ratio 68.8% 66.9% 63.7% 76.0% 75.9% Source: Financial Stability and Payment Systems, Bank Negara Malaysia As the table above shown, the household debt level is increasing each year and there is an upward trend starting from the year of 2006 till 2010. Besides, the household debt to GDP ratio also broke the 70 percent after 2008 and today the ratio is stands 74.5 percent. There is a contradiction between maintaining the health of economy of nation and reducing the level of consumer debt. A nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP is often used as a measurement of the health of its economy. Consumer debt begins to negatively affect the health of the nation when it forces consumers to spend less (Howstuffworks, 2011). There is also the existence of some other contributors that make the consumer debt problem worse, such as democratization of credit, easy accessibility of credit, and governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s encouragement of homeownership. The best example of relaxation of credit constraint is credit card. Before the Asian crisis in 1997, credit cards applicants must earn a minimum annual income of RM24, 000 and are in active employment for three months when application for credit card is submitted. After the Asian crisis in 1997, the Bank Negara Malaysia (central bank of Malaysia) relaxed the income requirement to a minimum of RM18, 000 per annum to helped ease liquidity problems among the consumers (Cheu Loke, 2008) before the new measures on credit card has been released on 18th March 2011 which will be effective on 1st January 2012. Besides, before the new credit card interest structure has been effective on 1st April 2011, credit cardholders only has to make the minimum payment required, which is 5% of total outstanding balance or RM 50 whichever is higher by the payment due date. Late payment charges of a minimum amount of RM5 or 1% total outstanding balance as at statement date, whichever is higher, capped to a maximum of RM50 per account. Moreover, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“buy today, pay later lifestyleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is almost a fact of life. Through credit cards, consumers are now able to gain easy access to credit which previously was not possible (Cheu Loke, 2008). Besides, the advent of telephone and internet-banking, and the availability of credit at the point of purchase have increased the accessibility of consumer credit and the speed with which loans can be obtained (Brown, Garino, Taylor Price, 2004). In addition, according to the 2011 Budget Speech, the government empathizes with the citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need to own affordable houses, particularly the poor and low-income group. Therefore, the government introduced Skim Rumah Pertamaku through Cagamas Berhad by providing a 100 percent loan which gets rid of the 10 percent down payment for those with household income less than RM3, 000 per month. Yet, the government also gives stamp duty exemption of 50 percent on instruments of transfer on a house price not exceeding RM 350, 000 for those first-time house buyers. In line with the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts to promote home ownership, banks, based on their capacity and business strategy, are encouraged or required to offer housing loans, especially to low income borrowers (Endut Toh, 2009). In order to prevent more and more consumers getting into debt trouble, it is essential to be able to determine the factors that contribute to the debt involvement of people. There are many factors have been identified in previous studies in predicting the level of debt and debt behavior, for instance, demographic, psychological, and attitudinal but the effect of the factors on debt forming yield unclear and heterogeneous results. This is due to the reasons of lacking of clearness of measurement, different kinds of debt being focused, and different populations being concerned (Wang, Lu Malhotra, 2011). Furthermore, there is a limited range of nations has been found in the debt-related studies, especially Asian countries which included Malaysia. Thus, more representative samples are needed to examine whether previous result are applicable across various nations and cultures. 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES There are several objectives of this study are developed as following: To investigate the debt situation amongst of Malaysian To determine the factors that affect the involvement of people in debt To assist government and financial institutions in reducing and preventing indebtedness of people To improve consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ awareness regard the debt and increase their financial literacy in making financial decision. 1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY The study of factors that influence people holding debts as well as getting themselves involve into the indebtedness situation is important. Through this study, the government might be benefit by understanding the understanding the real debt situation that Malaysian currently facing. It helps the government to formulate proper and quick actions towards the debt and credit problems in order to solve it. In addition, this study also contributes to private sector like the financial institutions. It lets the financial institutions to get to know that loosening their lending criteria and making the credit more easily available to consumers not only would result in indebtedness and bankruptcy amongst the borrowers, but also would cause enormous losses for lenders. Yet, it aids the financial institutions to develop and provide better products and services (loans and credits). Moreover, this study also benefit consumers who already in debt and those going to be in debt. According to Kempson and Whyley (1999b), knowledge of financial products was often remarkably low, and this rendered people especially vulnerable to mis-selling, and deterred them from taking up financial product in the first place. This reflects the current situation that consumers today having. Therefore, via this study, it is important for consumers to equip themselves with financial education and financial literacy skills in order to avoid themselves from making irrational financial decisions. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 OVERVIEW Credit is the privilege of being able to borrow money without having to pay it back immediately. It allows people to spend now and pay later over time (Livestrong.com, 2011). In macroeconomics perspective, consumer debt occurs when credit is used for funding consumption purposes instead of investment purposes. In other words, what has been purchased no longer has long-term financial benefits and indirectly creates outstanding consumer credit which means consumer debt. Based on past research, there are a number of factors have been identified in predicting the debt status of people, for instance, demographic, psychological, and attitudinal variables. It is found that six determinants have a significant impact on consumer debt taking. The determinants are: (1) demographic variables (Adcock, Hirschman Goldstucker, 1977; Lea, Webley Walker, 1995; Watson, 1998; Chien Devaney,2001; Kim Devaney, 2001; Grable Joo, 2004; Lyons, 2004; Jones, 2005; Perry Morris, 2005; Yilmazer Devaney, 2005; Norvilitis, Osberg, Young, Merwin, Roehling Kamaz, 2006; Borden, Lee, Serido Collins, 2008; Robb Sharpe, 2009; Wang, Lu Malhotra, 2011), (2) locus of control (Davies Lea, 1995; Lea et al., 1995; Busseri, Lefcourt Kerton, 1998; Norvilitis, Szablicki Wilson, 2003; Perry Morris, 2005; Mewse et al., 2010), (3) debt attitude (Davies Lea, 1995; Walker, 1996; Watson, 1998; Boddington Kemp, 1999; Chien Devaney, 2001; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Borden et al., 2008 ; Wang et al., 2011), (4) materialism (Walker, 1996; Watson, 1998 2003; Lee and Lee, 2001/2002; Norvilitis et al., 2006), (5) financial knowledge (Grable Joo, 2004; Lyons Scherpf, 2004; Jones, 2005; Perry Morris, 2005; Lyons, Chang and Scherpf, 2006; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Borden et al, 2008; Robb Sharpe, 2009), and (6) Impulsivity (Boddington Kemp, 1999; Norvilitis et al., 2003; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Wang Xiao, 2009; Wang et al., 2011) 2.1 INVOVLEMENT IN DEBT Indebtedness has been defined as the state of being indebted, without regard to ability or inability to pay the debt (Wordnik, 2011). People often get themselves into various forms of consumer debt, such as credit card debt, housing loans, study loans, auto loans and personal loans with different purposes, value of loan, repayment period and interest rates. There were different kinds of debts being focused by researches, which included consumer debt (Lea et al, 1995; Walker, 1996; Lee Lee, 2001/2002; Watson, 2003; Yilmazer Devaney, 2005; Mewse et al., 2010), student debt (Davies Lea, 1995; Watson, 1998; Boddington Kemp, 1999), credit card debt (Adcock et al., 1977; Chien Devaney, 2001; Kim Devaney, 2001; Norvilitis et al., 2003; Jones, 2005; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Robb Sharpe, 2009; Wang Xiao, 2009; Wang et al., 2011). Studies that related indebtedness to the consumer financial behavior (Busseri et al., 1998; Perry Morris, 2005; Borden et al., 2008) and financial risk tolerance (Grable Joo, 2004) were also carried out. 2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE 2.2.1 Age There was a negative relationship between age and use of credit card (Adcock et al., 1977) Similarly, Jones (2005) showed age was the only significant predictor of credit or charge card debt and number of credit or charge cards held, with older students having higher levels of debt and more credit or charge card than younger students. These findings were also supported by the researches that conducted by Watson (1998) and Norvilitis et al. (2006) who also reported that age was the significant predictors of debt and indebtedness. In contrary, Grable and Joo (2004) found that age was not significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of age on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about age is developed as following: H1: There is a significant effect on age towards debt taking of people. 2.2.2 Gender Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to be women. Previous study by Lyons (2004) suggested that females had a greater likelihood of being delinquent on their cards as compared with males. Conversely, Robb and Sharpe (2009) showed that there were no significant differences in credit card balance behavior based on gender. Same finding had been found by Norvilitis et al. (2006) and Grable and Joo (2004), gender was not the significant predictors of debt and significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of gender on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about gender is developed as following: H2: There is a significant effect on gender towards debt taking of people. 2.2.3 Education The study of Chien and Devaney (2001) showed the results as that households headed by someone who with more education were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances. This finding was supported by Grable and Joo (2004) who found that there was significantly related to financial risk tolerance and was associated positively with risk tolerance. Since the influence of education on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about education is developed as following: H3: There is a significant effect on education towards debt taking of people. 2.2.4 Marital Status The results gained by Chien and Devaney (2001) suggest that households headed by someone who was married would be more likely to have higher installment loans and outstanding credit card balances. Homogeneous finding has been reached by Yilmazer and Devaney (2005) married individuals were more likely to hold debt than single individuals and Wang et al. (2011) people who were married were used revolving credit more often. There was a significant relationship between marital status and financial risk tolerance (Grable Joo, 2004). In addition, Robb and Sharpe (2009) also reported that although marital status had no significant influence on the likelihood of revolving a credit card balance, married individuals were noted as carrying larger log balances as compared with single individuals. These findings are largely supported by prior studies, as both Lyons (2004) and Jones (2005) noted higher levels of debt among married college students, all else equal. Since the influence of marital status on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about marital status is developed as following: H4: There is a significant effect on marital status towards debt taking of people. 2.2.5 Employment Status Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, reported that debtors were more likely to be employed part-time, to be housewives or to be unemployed rather than employed full time or retired. Similarly, Robb and Sharpe (2009) found that employed students were more likely to revolve a credit card balance, though the level of the log balance they revolved was not significantly different from those who did not work. But heterogeneous result has been found. Employed students were no more likely to report engaging in more effective financial behaviors compared to students who were not employed (Borden et al., 2008) Since the influence of employment status on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about employment status is developed as following: H5: There is a significant effect on employment status towards debt taking of people. 2.2.6 Income There was a positive relationship between income and responsible financial management behavior (Perry Morris, 2005). Yet, Kim and Devaney (2001) also claimed that disposable income was positively related to the amount of debt. Same results happened on the research of Grable and Joo (2004) household were significantly related to financial risk tolerance and were associated positively with risk tolerance. Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to be in low income groups. Similarly, later research by Chien and Devaney (2001) also suggested that households headed by someone who with lower income were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances Since the influence of income on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about income is developed as following: H6: There is a significant effect on income towards debt taking of people. 2.2.7 Household Size People whose children were older than six were used revolving credit more often because they had to support both a young child (Wang et al., 2011). Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to have more children in their households. The finding was supported by Chien and Devaney (2001). In their study, the results suggested that households headed by someone who with a larger household were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances. Since the influence of household size on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about household size is developed as following: H7: There is a significant effect on household size towards debt taking of people. 2.2.8 Home Ownership Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, reported that debtors were more likely to rent their homes rather than owning them outright. Same finding had been found by Chien and Devaney (2001). In their study, the results suggested that households headed by someone who were renters would be more likely to have higher installment loans. But on the other hand, Grable and Joo (2004) showed home ownership was not significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of home ownership on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about home ownership is developed as following: H8: There is a significant effect on home ownership towards debt taking of people. 2.3 LOCUS OF CONTROL According to Cosma and Pattarin (2010), locus of control is related to the perception of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own capacity of controlling the events of life. Internal locus of control identifies the perception of the capacity of controlling events, that is, the belief that situations and results of personal events depend upon decisions and capacities of the individual. Vice-versa, external locus of control concerns the perception that oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s events depend upon external factors, often perceived as random and, however, not significantly dependent upon the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions or will. There is an existence of several researches on the impact of locus of control on debt behavior, but the results are not always comes out to be inconsistent. Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals who owed money to a public utility company, found that no significant difference between locus of control and attitudes toward debt but Wang et al. (2011) found that locus of control was negatively related to the frequency of revolving credit use. On the other hand, Davies and Lea (1995) also found that locus of control has no significant association between locus of control and levels of debts, but did report that external locus of control was significantly correlated with a tolerant attitude to debt, which in turn was related to debt same as the finding of Mewse et al. (2010) a significant effect of locus of control on attitude. In addition, Norvilitis et al. (2003) reported that locus of control was generally related to attitudes toward money as it was expected at the beginning of the research that the students with more external locus of control will report higher levels of credit card debt. Perry and Morris (2005) also reported a same result as the coefficient on the external locus of control and financial management behavior is significant and negative. Yet, Busseri et al. (1998) also found that the relatively more internal their consumer locus of control scale scores, the more likely were subjects to be planful and purposive in the act of shopping. The more external the consumer locus of control scores, the less likely was subjects to be knowledgeable, thoughtful, and willing to exert themselves when purchasing consumer goods. Since the influence of locus of control on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about locus of control is developed as following: H9: There is a significant effect on locus of control towards debt taking of people. 2.4 DEBT ATTITUDE There is a widespread view that attitudes to debt have changed radically during the Twentieth Century, with a shift from general abhorrence of debt to acceptance of credit as a part of a modern consumer society (Lea et al., 1995). There are several studies had been conducted which pointed out the significant role of financial attitudes in debt holding. These included research of Davies and Lea in 1995 which reported that higher levels of debt in college students were related to greater tolerance of debt. The authors also found that college students accumulate debt because they believe that their current financial situation is temporary. This was because they have greater expectations on their income after graduating and debt will decrease. Similarly, Watson (1998) also reported that attitude toward debt was one of the significant predictors of indebtedness. Besides, Walker (1996) also found that attitude towards credit and debt was significant linked with debt and financial management which is similar to the later study, for instance, Boddington and Kemp (2005) who also indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between attitude to debt and the amount of debt people actually had. Thus, higher debt levels were accompanied by greater tolerance of debt. Same result had also been obtained by other researchers Chien and Devaney (2001) which reported that those with favorable specific attitudes toward credit were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances and Borden et al. (2008) which showed that studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with avoidant attitudes toward credit cards were less likely to engage in risky financial behaviors. But not all the authors concur. Norvilitis et al. (2006) found heterogeneous results. In their findings, student tolerance attitude towards debt was not significant predictors of debt. Since the influence of debt attitudes on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about debt attitudes is developed as following: H10: There is a significant effect on debt attitudes towards debt taking of people. 2.5 MATERIALISM Belk (1984) defines materialism as the importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions. At the highest levels of materialism, such possessions assume a central place in a persons life and are believed to provide the greatest sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction in life either directly or indirectly. Watson (1998) demonstrated that the spending tendency scores were significantly higher for respondents with high levels of materialism compared to respondents with low levels of materialism. The author also reported the same result in his study later in 2003. The highly materialistic respondents had attitudes which were significantly more favorable toward debt than respondent with low levels of materialism. Although highly materialistic people had larger amounts of debt than people with low levels of materialism, no significant differences were found between the two groups (Watson, 1998). Yet, the author also reported that materialism was not a significant predictor in indebtedness. In the study of 2003, Walker resulted that high levels of materialism have more favorable attitudes toward borrowing money than individuals with low levels of materialism. Besides, he also found that people with high levels of materialism are more likely to exhibit behaviors consistent with positive attit udes toward debt use of installment credit and outstanding debt. Study about materialism was also carried out by Lee and Lee (2001/2002) which demonstrated that consumers approval of the use of credit for luxury purchases is an important indicator of their level of indebtedness. Similar result had been obtained by Walker (1996) in his study which showed that materialism was significant linked with both debt and financial management. Conversely, Norvilitis et al. (2003) found heterogeneous finding materialism was not the significant predictor of debt. Since the influence of materialism on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about materialism is developed as following: H11: There is a significant effect on materialism towards debt taking of people. 2.6 FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE According to Investopedia (2011), financial literacy (is assumed synonymous to the term of financial knowledge in this article) is defined as the possession of knowledge and understanding of financial matters. Financial knowledge can be gained through formal education, seminars, and informal sources such as from parents, friends, and work as well as through negative personal experience. In a series of studies, Lyons and Scherpf (2004) and Lyons, Chang and Scherpf (2006) that advocated financial literacy education which can aid in cultivating consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial knowledge, found that more knowledgeable about personal finance consumers will make more responsible financial behaviors. There are also the other researchers concur Perry and Morris (2005) demonstrated that individuals with higher levels of financial knowledge are more likely to engage in responsible financial management behavior and he coefficient on financial knowledge was significant and positive. Consistent to prior research, Norvilitis (2006) found that lack of financial knowledge was one of the significant predictors of debt. Same finding had been obtained by Grable and Joo (2004) who found that financial knowledge was significantly related to financial risk tolerance. But in the findings of Robb and Sharpe (2009) which investigated student credit card debt found that even students with higher levels of financial knowledge had significantly higher credit card balances. In addition, Jones (2005) demonstrated that there was not a significant relationship between credit knowledge and use of credit among college student. Students who had higher levels of debt or access to credit or charge cards were not significantly more or less knowledgeable about credit. Similarly, Borden et al. (2008) also indicated that financial knowledge was not a significant predictor of either effective financial behaviors or risky financial behaviors. Therefore, it appears that simply having knowledge about effective financial practices may not translate into consistent prudent behaviors. Since the influence of financial knowledge on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about financial knowledge is developed as following: H12: There is a significant effect on financial knowledge towards debt taking of people. 2.7 IMPULSIVITY Impulse buying is an immediate experience, often concurrent with a feeling of excitement and urgency. It compels a consumer to buy a product at that moment instead of cautiously contemplating a purchase. It is different from unplanned buying because it involves an experiential urge to buy. An impulse comes on as a sudden urge that drives a person to a certain behavior, such as buying an item instantly without thought and without delay. Yet, impulse buying also comes from an acute loss of control when shopping (Wang and Xiao, 2009). Norvilitis et al. (2006) found that delay of gratification (supposedly indicating impulse buying) was the significant predictor of debt. Another research that was studied by Wang et al. (2011) found that self-control and deferring gratification were negatively related to the frequency of revolving credit use, but impulsiveness was related to. Besides, impulsiveness was positively related with the frequency of petty installment use while deferring gratification was negatively related to. Impulsivity was generally related to attitudes toward money as it was expected at the beginning of the research that the students with higher levels of impulsivity will report higher levels of credit card debt (Norvilitis et al., 2003). In the contrary, Wang and Xiao (2009) found that the score of impulse buying in the debt group is significantly higher than the no-debt group but the relationship between impulsive buying and credit card indebtedness is not significant. In addition, Boddington and Kemp (1999) found that there were no significant relationships between the impulsive buying scale and concern over debt or total debt outstanding. But there was a significant correlation between scores on the attitude to debt scale and impulsive buying. Those who were accepting of debt were more likely to buy impulsively. Since the influence of impulsivity on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about impulsivity is developed as following: H13: There is a significant effect on impulsivity towards debt taking of people.

Collegeboard Essay Samples

Collegeboard Essay SamplesThe internet is a wonderful resource for finding collegeboard essay samples. You can find so many things that you can use in order to help you in writing your own collegeboard essay.If you are the one that will be writing this kind of essay, then you have to take your time and make sure that you pick your topics and write your essay properly. Writing an essay can be a bit stressful especially if you have no idea about the content of the topic. This means that you have to be prepared and that you have to use your brain while writing your collegeboard essay.Using the internet to find collegeboard essay samples can be a very good choice because it is an affordable way of reading different topics related to collegeboard essays. By using the internet, you can choose from all sorts of topics, some of which may be in English, and others may be in other languages. Once you choose your topics, you can use your imagination and write your essay according to what you ha ve chosen.The next thing that you need to do is to make sure that you use the research tools available on the internet. There are many research tools that you can use in order to help you in research. You can use them to find information that will help you in writing your essay. You can also use them to find resources for writing collegeboard essays and also use them to find the essay samples that you can use.The last thing that you need to do when it comes to writing collegeboard essay is to ensure that you are using all the resources that you can find. This means that you have to make sure that you search all the sites that you can find. This is the best way of ensuring that you are not wasting time when it comes to writing the essay.Writing an essay is not that hard if you know what you are writing about. Remember that you have to make sure that you use the research tools, the essay samples and also the free essay advice online. By doing these things, you will certainly be able t o create a great essay.The internet is a great resource for finding collegeboard essay samples. You can find so many things that you can use in order to help you in writing your own collegeboard essay. Make sure that you use all the resources that you can find online.

Cell Phone Overuse Or Addiction - 2080 Words

Ever since it was first introduced in the year 1973, the cell phone has evolved to become the device that holds the future within itself. Now referred to as the smartphone, the majority of the developing world’s population uses it now. It’s endless evolving functionalities, as apps and programs, are making the users see this piece of technology as a holy grail, but only much more accessible. Ever since its integration into our society, cell phones have given us the opportunity to connect to people at every inch of the world at anytime of the day. For ourselves, cell phones, particularly smartphones, have offered us an infinite amount of information all within the span of our hands. Its abilities outmatch even some desktops and laptops, all with the benefit of being mobile. The numbers of cellphone users have skyrocketed within recent years. With the growing number of cell phone users, the issue of cell phone overuse or addiction has been a question of much concern for p sychologists, sociologists, and scholars of education. In recent studies, cell phone addiction or nomophobia, a short term coined by UK Post Office for no-mobile-phone phobia† has been compared to other behavioral addictions such as gambling which are included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Nomophobia has not made its entrance into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual even though it has the symptoms that parallel those that behavioral addictions have. The reason this has not been placed into theShow MoreRelatedCell Phones And Its Impact On Society892 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem lurking beneath that shiny exterior. Cell phones have made a dramatic advancement from the bricks with antennas to the sleek touch screen that seems to occupy the hands of every teen and working adult. These smartphones act as a status symbol for what’s in style as well as who’s on top of the social pyramid regarding the large variety of social media that can be accessed thro ugh such a small device. The younger generations might argue that cell phones are absolutely necessary in today’s societyRead MoreEssay about Student Overuse of Smartphones 767 Words   |  4 Pagesthe devices in other unusual places†. One of the typical examples is the overuse of a smartphone can easily get one’s attention and be distracting. As a result of overuse smartphones, there is an increase in relational, educational, and health problems. As technology advances, more and more people view smartphones as something that they must have in their hand all the times. The overuse of smart phones has become an addiction. Suzanne Kane reports that a recent study found that, â€Å"72% of AmericansRead MoreEffects of Modern Technology852 Words   |  3 Pagestechnology has a negative or positive effect. Whether it is something you see on TV or in one’s own everyday life, it is more popular to see someone’s face focused on a phone screen rather than buried in a book. Over the past few decades, technology has been getting more popular as new developments arise. Not only are cell phones a main priority, but also computers, the internet and video games. Ever since the invention of the first programmable computer in the 1937 which was the size of an entireRead MoreCell Phone Addiction Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe cell phone has become a centerpiece of everyday life as cell phones are evolving and have been in creasing their functionalities. Today, we use them today for many others reasons than what cell phones were originally designed to do. People are using them so often that they are becoming dependent on their phones that they have even become addicted to them. Those who are addicted to their cell phones struggle to stay away from them for a certain period of time and become so indulged in all of theRead MoreThe Problem with Cell Phones in Todays Society1390 Words   |  6 Pages11 Nov. 2014 Outline Thesis: The usage of cell phones in modern day society has caused quite the problem for citizens in this generation by being a major distraction, causing addictions, and has sadly became the main resource of communication. I. Introduction: What if every cell phone in the world crashed? How would society communicate? How would one know when someone’s birthday is without getting a notification for it? Some people wouldn’t even know when to get up each morning. Thirty yearsRead MoreApplication Of Mobile Phones : The Mobile Phone Amusement With The Fire Phone942 Words   |  4 Pagescellphones wasn’t that popular. That being said, everyone did not wait in line just to get the new Nokia phone. However, the world wasn t exactly prepared for the iPhone when it was divulged in 2007. The originator Steve Jobs dispatched the in with no reservations one advanced music player, camera (2MP!), and Internet-empowered PDA gadget, and the rest is history. Application empowered cell phones assumed control over the business sector after the arrival of the iPhone. Google s publicly releasedRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society1396 Words   |  6 Pagesadvances and its overuse are redefini ng social interaction and the cultural fabric of society. Gradually, the overuse of internet and mobile technology seems to be destroying the significance of interactions we have with others, disengaging us from the people around us and leading to a sense of isolation in today’s society. A 2014 Nielsen survey found on average, Americans spend 60 hours a week consuming content across various digital devices (Nielsen). We now mostly communicate by phone calls, textingRead MoreMobile Phones : The Way We Communicate With Each Other880 Words   |  4 PagesPhones definitely change the way we communicate with each other. We have the freedom to call or text someone whenever we want to without anyone knowing. Yet, as cell phones evolve over the years the world wasn t exactly prepared for the iPhone when it was divulged in 2007. Creator Steve Jobs dispatched the in with the new advanced music player, camera (2MP!), and Internet-empowered PDA gadget, and the rest is history. Application empowered the iPhone and gain control over the business sector (PocketNow)Read MoreNegative Effects Of Digital Appliances1236 Words   |  5 Pagesprominent. Digital addiction and cyberbullying can lead to serious life-changing health issues. In our ever-growing technological world, more digital appliances are starting to have negative effects on consumers. Children that have lived with technology their whole lives are becoming more dependent and more fixated on their digital appliances than earlier generations. They are the first to have an anytime and anyplace kind of connection to technology. With the development of mobile phones, internet chatroomsRead MoreThe Effects Of Cell Phones On Society s Obsession Without Devices837 Words   |  4 PagesRecent studies suggest that cell phones have evolved into something more than a simple communication tool, gaining its own place in various aspects of social interaction. For instance, a qualitative study on Australian adolescents revealed that cell phones play an integral part in the lives of young Australians (Walsh, White, Ross, 2008). Some of the participants in the study reported very strong attachment to their cell phones; they felt as though their cell phones were part of them. Mozes introduced

Biography of Louis Armstrong, Masterful Trumpeter

Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901–July 6, 1971) was born into poverty at the turn of the 20th century but rose above his humble origins to become a masterful trumpet player and beloved entertainer. He played a key role in the development of one of the early 20th centurys most important new styles of music: jazz. Armstrongs inventiveness and improvisational techniques, along with his energetic, dazzling style have influenced generations of musicians. One of the first to perform scat-style singing, he is also well-known for his distinctive, gravelly singing voice. Armstrong wrote two autobiographies and appeared in more than 30 films. Fast Facts: Louis Armstrong Known For: World-famous trumpeter and entertainer; he was influential in the development of jazz and also appeared in more than 30 filmsAlso Known As: Satchmo, Ambassador SatchBorn: August 4, 1901 in New OrleansParents: Mary Ann, William ArmstrongDied: July 6, 1971 in New York CityTop Albums: Ella and Louis, New Orleans Nights, Satchmo Musical Autobiography, Under the Stars, Porgy and Bess, I’ve Got the World on a StringAwards and Honors: 1964 Grammy for Best Male Vocal Performance (Hello Dolly), Grammy Hall of Fame (various years), Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (inducted 2019)Spouses: Daisy Parker (m.  1918-1923), Lili Hardin Armstrong (m.  1924-1938), Alpha Smith (m.  1938-1942), Lucille Wilson (m.  1942-1971)Notable Quote: If you have to ask what jazz is, youll never know. Early Life Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans on August 4, 1901, to 16-year-old Mary Ann Albert and her boyfriend Willie Armstrong. Only weeks after Louis birth, Willie left Mary Ann and Louis was placed in the care of his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong. Josephine brought in some money doing laundry for white families but struggled to keep food on the table. Young Louis had no toys, very few clothes, and went barefoot most of the time. Despite their hardships, Josephine made sure her grandson attended school and church. While Louis was living with his grandmother, his mother briefly reunited with Willie Armstrong and gave birth to a second child, Beatrice, in 1903. While Beatrice was still very young, Willie once again left Mary Ann. Four years later, when Armstrong was 6 years old, he moved back in with his mother, who was then living in a tough neighborhood called Storyville. It became Louis’ job to look after his sister. Working on the Streets By the age of 7, Armstrong was looking for work wherever he could find it. He sold newspapers and vegetables and made a little money singing on the street with a group of friends. Each group member had a nickname; Louis was Satchelmouth (later shortened to Satchmo), a reference to his wide grin. Armstrong saved up enough money to buy a used cornet (a brass musical instrument similar to a trumpet), which he taught himself to play. He quit school at age 11 to concentrate on earning money for his family. While performing on the street, Armstrong and his friends came into contact with local musicians, many of whom played in Storyville honky-tonks (bars with working-class patrons, often found in the South). Armstrong was befriended by one of the citys best-known trumpeters, Bunk Johnson, who taught him songs and new techniques and allowed Louis to sit in with him during performances in the honky-tonks. Armstrong managed to stay out of trouble until an incident on New Years Eve 1912 changed the course of his life. The Colored Waifs Home During a New Years Eve street celebration at the end of 1912, 11-year-old Louis fired a pistol into the air. He was hauled off to the police station and spent the night in a cell. The next morning, a judge sentenced him to the Colored Waifs Home for an unspecified period of time. The home, a reformatory for troubled black youths, was run by a former soldier, Captain Jones. Jones provided discipline as well as regular meals and daily classes, all of which had a positive effect on Armstrong. Eager to participate in the homes brass band, Armstrong was disappointed that he was not allowed to join right away. The band director surmised that a boy from Storyville who had fired a gun did not belong in his band. Armstrong proved the director wrong as he worked his way up the ranks. He first sang in the choir and later was assigned to play various instruments, eventually taking over the cornet. Having demonstrated his willingness to work hard and act responsibly, Louis was made the leader of the band. He reveled in this role. In 1914, after 18 months at the Colored Waifs Home, Armstrong returned home to his mother. Becoming a Musician Back home, Armstrong delivered coal during the day and spent his nights in local dance halls listening to music. He became friends with Joe King Oliver, a leading cornet player, and ran errands for him in return for cornet lessons. Armstrong learned quickly and began to develop his own style. He filled in for Oliver at gigs and gained further experience playing in parades and funeral marches. When the U.S. entered World War I in 1917, Armstrong was too young to participate, but the war did indirectly affect him. When several sailors stationed in New Orleans became victims of violent crime in the Storyville district, the secretary of the Navy shut down the district, including brothels and clubs. While a large number of New Orleans musicians moved north, many relocating to Chicago, Armstrong stayed and soon found himself in demand as a cornet player. By 1918, Armstrong had become well-known on the New Orleans music circuit, playing at numerous venues. That year, he met and married Daisy Parker, a prostitute who worked in one of the clubs he played in. Leaving New Orleans Impressed by Armstrongs natural talent, band conductor Fate Marable hired him to play in his riverboat band on excursions up and down the Mississippi River. Armstrong convinced Daisy that it was a good move for his career and she agreed to let him go. Armstrong played on the riverboats for three years. The discipline and high standards that he was held to made him a better musician; he also learned to read music for the first time. Yet, chafing under Marables strict rules, Armstrong grew restless. He yearned to strike out on his own and find his unique style. Armstrong quit the band in 1921 and returned to New Orleans. He and Daisy divorced that year. Earns a Reputation In 1922, a year after Armstrong quit the riverboats, King Oliver asked him to come to Chicago and join his Creole Jazz Band. Armstrong played the second coronet and was careful not to outshine bandleader Oliver. Through Oliver, Armstrong met the woman who became his second wife, Lil Hardin, who was a classically trained jazz pianist from Memphis. Lil recognized Armstrongs talent and thus urged him to break away from Olivers band. After two years with Oliver, Armstrong quit the band and took a new job with another Chicago band, this time as the first trumpet; however, he only stayed a few months. Armstrong moved to New York City in 1924 at the invitation of bandleader Fletcher Henderson. (Lil did not accompany him, preferring to stay at her job in Chicago.) The band played mostly live gigs but made recordings as well. They played backup for pioneering blues singers such as Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith, furthering Armstrongs growth as a performer. Just 14 months later, Armstrong moved back to Chicago at Lils urging; Lil believed that Henderson held back Armstrongs creativity. The Worlds Greatest Trumpet Player Lil helped to promote Armstrong in Chicago clubs and billing him as the worlds greatest trumpet player. She and Armstrong formed a studio band, called Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five. The group recorded several popular records, many of which featured Armstrongs raspy singing. On one of the most popular of the recordings, Heebie Jeebies, Armstrong spontaneously launched into scat-singing, in which the singer replaces the actual lyrics with nonsense syllables that often mimic the sounds made by instruments. Armstrong did not invent the singing style but helped to make it enormously popular. During this time, Armstrong permanently switched from cornet to trumpet, preferring the brighter sound of the trumpet to the more mellow cornet. The records gave Armstrong name recognition outside of Chicago. He returned to New York in 1929, but again, Lil did not want to leave Chicago. (They stayed married but lived apart for many years before divorcing in 1938.) In New York, Armstrong found a new venue for his talents; he was cast in a musical revue that featured the hit song Aint Misbehavin and Armstrongs accompanying trumpet solo. Armstrong displayed showmanship and charisma, gaining a greater following after the show. The Great Depression Because of the Great Depression, Armstrong, like many others, had trouble finding work. He decided to make a new start in Los Angeles, moving there in May 1930. Armstrong found work in clubs and continued to make records. He made his first film, Ex-Flame, appearing as himself in the movie in a small role. Armstrong gained more fans through this widespread exposure. After an arrest for marijuana possession in November 1930, Armstrong received a suspended sentence and returned to Chicago. He stayed afloat during the Depression, touring the U.S. and Europe from 1931 to 1935. Armstrong continued to tour throughout the 1930s and 1940s and appeared in a few more movies. He became well-known not only in the U.S. but in much of Europe as well, even playing a command performance for King George V of England in 1932. Big Changes In the late 1930s, band leaders such as Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman helped to propel jazz into the mainstream, ushering in the swing music era. The swing bands were large, consisting of about 15 musicians. Although Armstrong preferred working with smaller, more intimate ensembles, he formed a large band in order to capitalize on the swing movement. In 1938, Armstrong married longtime girlfriend Alpha Smith, but soon after the wedding he began seeing Lucille Wilson, a dancer from the Cotton Club. Marriage No. 3 ended in divorce in 1942 and Armstrong took Lucille as his fourth (and final) wife the same year. While Armstrong toured, often playing at military bases and army hospitals during World War II, Lucille found them a house in her hometown of Queens, New York. After years of traveling and staying in hotel rooms, Armstrong finally had a permanent home. Louis and the All-Stars In the late 1940s, large bands were falling out of favor, deemed too expensive to maintain. Armstrong formed a six-piece group called Louis Armstrong and the All-Stars. The group debuted at New Yorks Town Hall in 1947, playing New Orleans styled jazz to rave reviews. Not everyone enjoyed Armstrongs somewhat hammy brand of entertainment. Many from the younger generation considered him a relic of the Old South and found his mugging and eye-rolling racially offensive. He was not taken seriously by young up-and-coming jazz musicians. Armstrong, however, saw his role as more than that of a musician: he was an entertainer. Continued Success and Controversy Armstrong made 11 more movies in the 1950s. He toured Japan and Africa with the All-Stars and recorded his first singles. Armstrong faced criticism in 1957 for speaking out against racial discrimination during the episode in Little Rock, Arkansas, in which black students were heckled by whites while attempting to enter a newly integrated school. Some radio stations even refused to play his music. The controversy faded after President Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock to facilitate integration. On tour in Italy in 1959, Armstrong suffered a massive heart attack. After a week in the hospital, he flew back home. Despite warnings from physicians, Armstrong returned to a busy schedule of live performances. Later Years and Death After playing five decades without a No. 1 song, Armstrong finally made it to the top of the charts in 1964 with Hello Dolly, the theme song for the Broadway play of the same name. The popular song knocked the Beatles from the top spot they had held for 14 consecutive weeks. By the late 1960s, Armstrong was still able to perform, despite kidney and heart problems. In the spring of 1971, he suffered another heart attack. Unable to recover, Armstrong died July 6, 1971, at age 69. More than 25,000 mourners visited the body of Louis Armstrong as it lay in state and his funeral was televised nationally. Sources ï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"Louis Armstrong - Awards and Honors.†Ã‚  JazzSkool.org.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Louis Armstrong.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 14 Feb. 2019.â€Å"Bop to the Best of Louis Armstrong | UDiscover Music.†Ã‚  UDiscoverMusic.